dynamically declare beans at runtime in Spring

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The common way to have different beans in the application context is using profiles. You can read about profiles in the following spring source posts:

About your first question, you can declare beans at runtime via BeanDefinitionRegistry.registerBeanDefinition() method, for example:

  BeanDefinitionBuilder builder = BeanDefinitionBuilder.rootBeanDefinition(SomeClass.class);
  builder.addPropertyReference("propertyName", "someBean");  // add dependency to other bean
  builder.addPropertyValue("propertyName", someValue);      // set property value
  DefaultListableBeanFactory factory = (DefaultListableBeanFactory) context.getBeanFactory();
  factory.registerBeanDefinition("beanName", builder.getBeanDefinition());

Is possible also to register a singleton bean instance (already configured) with 

context.getBeanFactory().registerSingleton(beanName, singletonObject)

Finally, Spring don’t provides a clear way to change a bean after refreshing the context, but the most common approachs are:

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