Kind of depends on your requirements, but as far as I know there is no specific support for this in Solr. You can however hack it together in a few other ways. Not sure what you can expect for performance for these, tho..
Use Highlightning
If you use highlighting you can parse the returned highlighted snippets for the start/end tags of the highlighted text. This will be the term that matched something in your query.
Use debugQuery Information
You can parse the information returned by a query with debugQuery=true to determine that a term was associated with a result by looking at termWeight (iirc). This might be a filtered version of your original term (if you have stemming etc. active for the field).
Use Field Collapsing
By using group.query you can build lists of documents that matches each term, instead of issuing several requests. You can also build queries that feature several of the terms OR-ed together if you need lists for “contains either”. Might not be effective for a large amount of fields.
Parse the returned document yourself
Get the document, then extract the terms by yourself. Will require a bit of fuzzy matching, since you’ll have to deal with text processing on the Solr side as well.
Use Function Queries
You can get metavalues for each document with each term from a FunctionQuery that looks up the number occurences of a term in that document. Will require quite a few function queries for a large number of terms, but might be fast.
.. neither option is perfect, but might work for the problem at hand.