Why is the maximum value of an unsigned n-bit integer 2ⁿ-1 and not 2ⁿ?

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The -1 is because integers start at 0, but our counting starts at 1.

So, 2^32-1 is the maximum value for a 32-bit unsigned integer (32 binary digits). 2^32 is the number of possible values.

To simplify why, look at decimal. 10^2-1 is the maximum value of a 2-digit decimal number (99). Because our intuitive human counting starts at 1, but integers are 0-based, 10^2 is the number of values (100).

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