Multiple Values in CL The language Common lisp is described in the ANSI standard INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) and has many implementations. Each can implement multiple values as it sees fit, and they are allowed, of course, to cons up a list for them (in fact, the Emacs Lisp compatibility layer for CL does just that … Read more
With lexical scope one does not have access to variables that are not in the current scope. You also cannot pass lexical variables to other functions directly. Lisp evaluates variables and passes the values bound to these variables. There is nothing like first-class references to variables. Think functional! (let ((a 1)) (values (lambda (new-value) (setf … Read more
Lisp WAS used in AI until the end of the 1980s. In the 80s, though, Common Lisp was oversold to the business world as the “AI language”; the backlash forced most AI programmers to C++ for a few years. These days, prototypes usually are written in a younger dynamic language (Perl, Python, Ruby, etc) and … Read more
A list in Scheme is either the empty list () (also known as nil in some Lisps), or a cons cell whose car (also known as first) is an element of the list and whose cdr (also known as rest) is either the rest of the list (i.e., another list), or an atom that terminates … Read more
The following is an implementation of tail recursion modulo cons optimization, resulting in a fully tail recursive code. It copies the input structure and then appends the new element to it, by mutation, in the top-down manner. Since this mutation is done to its internal freshly-created data, it is still functional on the outside (does … Read more
Short answer Bypass the default evaluation rules and do not evaluate the expression (symbol or s-exp), passing it along to the function exactly as typed. Long Answer: The Default Evaluation Rule When a regular (I’ll come to that later) function is invoked, all arguments passed to it are evaluated. This means you can write this: … Read more
(symbol-function ‘foo) is a Generalized Variable in elisp, so you can use: (setf (symbol-function ‘forward-word) #’backward-word) as an alternative to: (fset ‘forward-word #’backward-word) (As a side-note, you can do the same thing with cl-letf as a replacement for the deprecated flet when you want to override a function using dynamic scope.)