Android has a cache of sorts that keeps track of media files.
Try this:
sendBroadcast(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MEDIA_MOUNTED, Uri.parse("file://" + Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory())));
It makes the MediaScanner service run again, which should remove the deleted image from the device’s cache.
Looks like you also need to add this permission to your AndroidManifest.xml:
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_MOUNTED" />
<data android:scheme="file" />
</intent-filter>