Change matching words in a webpage’s text to buttons

Your approach to this problem is wrong. To do this, you need to walk though the document only changing text nodes, not the HTML of all nodes.

Modifying the code from this other answer of mine, the following complete extension changes all matching words on the page to buttons.

The extension in action:

manifest.json

{
    "description": "Upon action button click, make all matching words buttons.",
    "manifest_version": 2,
    "name": "Button all matching words",
    "version": "0.1",

    "permissions": [
        "activeTab"
    ],

    "background": {
        "scripts": [
            "background.js"
        ]
    },

    "browser_action": {
        "default_icon": {
            "32": "myIcon.png"
        },
        "default_title": "Make Buttons of specified words"
    }
}

background.js:

chrome.browserAction.onClicked.addListener(function(tab) {
    //Inject the script to change the text of all matching words into buttons.
    chrome.tabs.executeScript(tab.id,{file: 'contentScript.js'});
});

contentScript.js:

(function(){
    var keywords = ["sword", "gold", "yellow", "blue", "green", "china", "civil", "state"];
    //Build the RegExp once. Doing it for every replace is inefficient.
    //  Build one RegExp that matches all of the words instead of multiple RegExp.
    var regExpText="\\b(" + keywords.join('|') + ')\\b';
    console.log(regExpText);
    var myRegExp = new RegExp(regExpText ,'mgi');

    function handleTextNode(textNode) {
        if(textNode.nodeName !== '#text'
            || textNode.parentNode.nodeName === 'SCRIPT' 
            || textNode.parentNode.nodeName === 'STYLE'
        ) {
            //Don't do anything except on text nodes, which are not children 
            //  of <script> or <style>.
            return;
        }
        let origText = textNode.textContent;
        //Clear the regExp search, not doing so may cause issues if matching against
        //  identical strings after the first one.
        myRegExp.lastIndex = 0;
        let newHtml=origText.replace(myRegExp, '<button>$1</button>');
        //Only change the DOM if we actually made a replacement in the text.
        //Compare the strings, as it should be faster than a second RegExp operation and
        //  lets us use the RegExp in only one place for maintainability.
        if( newHtml !== origText) {
            let newSpan = document.createElement('span');
            newSpan.innerHTML = newHtml;
            textNode.parentNode.replaceChild(newSpan,textNode);
        }
    }

    //This assumes that you want all matching words in the document changed, without
    //  limiting it to only certain sub portions of the document (i.e. not 'not(a)').
    let textNodes = [];
    //Create a NodeIterator to get the text node descendants
    let nodeIter = document.createNodeIterator(document.body,NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT);
    let currentNode;
    //Add text nodes found to list of text nodes to process below.
    while(currentNode = nodeIter.nextNode()) {
        textNodes.push(currentNode);
    }
    //Process each text node
    textNodes.forEach(function(el){
        handleTextNode(el);
    });
})();

myIcon.png:

^{The code in handleTextNode to make changes to text nodes was modified from code in another answer of mine.}