Do I really need web.xml for a Servlet based Java web application?

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You don’t need a web.xml file if you have a container that supports the latest j2ee specs.
Here is a link to an simple servlet example that use an annotation and here you can find the same for Spring MVC; I post the example here for you convenience

public class MyWebApplicationInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer {

    @Override
    public void onStartup(ServletContext container) {
        ServletRegistration.Dynamic registration = container.addServlet("dispatcher", new DispatcherServlet());
        registration.setLoadOnStartup(1);
        registration.addMapping("/example/*");
    }

}

Here is another link that show how to use the other annotations available(@ServletFilter, @WebServletContextListener); you can download the specs form here in order to get a more detailed view of the annotations available via j2ee.

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