Excel VLOOKUP equivalent in pandas

I think you need map by column A:

df['C'] = df.B.map(df.A)
print (df)
              A          B      C
Index                            
2001-06-30  100 2001-08-31  300.0
2001-07-31  200 2001-09-30  400.0
2001-08-31  300 2001-10-31    NaN
2001-09-30  400 2001-11-30    NaN

It is same as:

df['C'] = df.B.map(df.A.to_dict())
print (df)
              A          B      C
Index                            
2001-06-30  100 2001-08-31  300.0
2001-07-31  200 2001-09-30  400.0
2001-08-31  300 2001-10-31    NaN
2001-09-30  400 2001-11-30    NaN

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