If you want just a rough estimate, you can extrapolate from a sample:
SELECT COUNT(*) * 100 FROM sometable SAMPLE (1);
For greater speed (but lower accuracy) you can reduce the sample size:
SELECT COUNT(*) * 1000 FROM sometable SAMPLE (0.1);
For even greater speed (but even worse accuracy) you can use block-wise sampling:
SELECT COUNT(*) * 100 FROM sometable SAMPLE BLOCK (1);