var elements = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
for (var i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
elements[i].innerHTML = "foo";
}
If you want to look only in the <body>
:
var elements = document.body.getElementsByTagName('div');
for (var i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
elements[i].innerHTML = "foo";
}