How can a KeyListener detect key combinations (e.g., ALT + 1 + 1)

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You should not use KeyListener for this type of interaction. Instead use key bindings, which you can read about in the Java Tutorial. Then you can use the InputEvent mask to represent when the various modifier keys are depresed. For example:

// Component that you want listening to your key
JComponent component = ...;
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_SPACE,
                            java.awt.event.InputEvent.CTRL_DOWN_MASK),
                    "actionMapKey");
component.getActionMap().put("actionMapKey",
                     someAction);

See the javadoc for KeyStroke for the different codes you can use while getting the KeyStroke. These modifiers can be OR’ed together to represent various combinations of keys. Such as

KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_SPACE,
                       java.awt.event.InputEvent.CTRL_DOWN_MASK
                       | java.awt.event.InputEvent.SHIFT_DOWN_MASK)

To represent when the Ctrl + Shift keys were depressed.

Edit: As has been pointed out, this does not answer you question but instead should just be taken as some good advice.

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