How can I do DNS lookups in Python, including referring to /etc/hosts?

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I’m not really sure if you want to do DNS lookups yourself or if you just want a host’s ip. In case you want the latter,

/!\ socket.gethostbyname is deprecated, prefer socket.getaddrinfo

from man gethostbyname:

The gethostbyname*(), gethostbyaddr*(), […] functions are obsolete. Applications should use getaddrinfo(3), getnameinfo(3),

import socket
print(socket.gethostbyname('localhost')) # result from hosts file
print(socket.gethostbyname('google.com')) # your os sends out a dns query

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