How do I get the effect and usefulness of “set -e” inside a shell function?

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From documentation of set -e:

When this option is on, if a simple command fails for any of the
reasons listed in Consequences of
Shell Errors or returns an exit status
value > 0, and is not part of the
compound list following a while,
until, or if keyword, and is not a
part of an AND or OR list, and is not
a pipeline preceded by the ! reserved
word, then the shell shall immediately
exit.

In your case, false is a part of a pipeline preceded by ! and a part of if. So the solution is to rewrite your code so that it isn’t.

In other words, there’s nothing special about functions here. Try:

set -e
! { false; echo hi; }

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