How do I retrieve an HTML element’s actual width and height?

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You should use the .offsetWidth and .offsetHeight properties.
Note they belong to the element, not .style.

var width = document.getElementById('foo').offsetWidth;

The .getBoundingClientRect() function returns the dimensions and location of the element as floating-point numbers after performing CSS transforms.

> console.log(document.getElementById('foo').getBoundingClientRect())
DOMRect {
    bottom: 177,
    height: 54.7,
    left: 278.5,​
    right: 909.5,
    top: 122.3,
    width: 631,
    x: 278.5,
    y: 122.3,
}

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