How does git detect that a file has been modified?

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Git tries hard to get convinced from the lstat() value alone that the worktree matches the index, because falling back on file contents is very expensive.

Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt describes what stat fields are used, and how some race conditions due to low mtime granularity are avoided. This article has some more detail.

stat values aren’t tamper-proof, see futimens(3). Git may be fooled into missing a change to a file; that does not compromise the integrity of content-hashing.

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