How exactly do Attached Properties work in WPF?

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There are two concepts here: dependency properties and attached dependency properties. “Attached Properties” are dependency properties, and as such support dependency property value inheritance.

About basic dependency properties, a very rough statement would be that they basically inherit their values from parent elements in the wpf (logical/visual) tree. A dependency property (attached or not) inherits its value “downwards” if its metadata is set with the FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.Inherit flag, and in many cases this is so.

Attached properties are properties which can be set on any wpf object (basically, at least a DependencyObject) via the DependencyObject.SetValue method. The purpose for this mechanism is to “attach” to other objects information needed by parent objects, not the child objects themselves. For example, the Grid.Row is an attached property required by the Grid to place items within its render area.

Dependency properties are inherited “downwards” automatically by the wpf object system.

Attached properties are examined “upwards” explicitly, in the code of specific objects. In the case of Grid, upon determining where to place its items, it checks for the value of Grid.Row and Grid.Column attached properties on each contained item.

It is also often the technique to create custom attached properties which modify in some way the objects they are attached to (for example, the Drag’n’Drop functionality via attached properties).

As an additional note, a good example of an inheriting attached property is TextElement.FontFamily. Grid.Row and Grid.Column properties do not have the Inherits flag set.

TextElement.FontFamily, from Reflector:

FontFamilyProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("FontFamily", typeof(FontFamily), typeof(TextElement), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(SystemFonts.MessageFontFamily, FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.Inherits | FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsRender | FrameworkPropertyMetadataOptions.AffectsMeasure), new ValidateValueCallback(TextElement.IsValidFontFamily));

Grid.Row, from Reflector:

RowProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Row", typeof(int), typeof(Grid), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(0, new PropertyChangedCallback(Grid.OnCellAttachedPropertyChanged)), new ValidateValueCallback(Grid.IsIntValueNotNegative));

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