How is -march different from -mtune?

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If you use -march then GCC will be free to generate instructions that work on the specified CPU, but (typically) not on earlier CPUs in the architecture family.

If you just use -mtune, then the compiler will generate code that works on any of them, but will favour instruction sequences that run fastest on the specific CPU you indicated. e.g. setting loop-unrolling heuristics appropriately for that CPU.

-march=foo implies -mtune=foo unless you also specify a different -mtune. This is one reason why using -march is better than just enabling options like -mavx without doing anything about tuning.

Caveat: -march=native on a CPU that GCC doesn’t specifically recognize will still enable new instruction sets that GCC can detect, but will leave -mtune=generic. Use a new enough GCC that knows about your CPU if you want it to make good code.

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