How much of a git sha is *generally* considered necessary to uniquely identify a change in a given codebase?

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This question is actually answered in Chapter 7 of the Pro Git book:

Generally, eight to ten characters are more than enough to be unique
within a project. One of the largest Git projects, the Linux kernel,
is beginning to need 12 characters out of the possible 40 to stay
unique.

7 digits are the Git default for a short SHA, so that’s fine for most projects. The Kernel team has increased theirs several times, as mentioned because they have several hundred thousand commits. So for your ~30k commits, 8 or 10 digits should be perfectly fine.

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