How much overhead is there in calling a function in C++?

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On most architectures, the cost consists of saving all (or some, or none) of the registers to the stack, pushing the function arguments to the stack (or putting them in registers), incrementing the stack pointer and jumping to the beginning of the new code. Then when the function is done, you have to restore the registers from the stack. This webpage has a description of what’s involved in the various calling conventions.

Most C++ compilers are smart enough now to inline functions for you. The inline keyword is just a hint to the compiler. Some will even do inlining across translation units where they decide it’s helpful.

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