Probably the cleanest way is to use np.repeat:
a = np.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
print(a.shape)
# (2, 2)
# indexing with np.newaxis inserts a new 3rd dimension, which we then repeat the
# array along, (you can achieve the same effect by indexing with None, see below)
b = np.repeat(a[:, :, np.newaxis], 3, axis=2)
print(b.shape)
# (2, 2, 3)
print(b[:, :, 0])
# [[1 2]
# [1 2]]
print(b[:, :, 1])
# [[1 2]
# [1 2]]
print(b[:, :, 2])
# [[1 2]
# [1 2]]
Having said that, you can often avoid repeating your arrays altogether by using broadcasting. For example, let’s say I wanted to add a (3,) vector:
c = np.array([1, 2, 3])
to a. I could copy the contents of a 3 times in the third dimension, then copy the contents of c twice in both the first and second dimensions, so that both of my arrays were (2, 2, 3), then compute their sum. However, it’s much simpler and quicker to do this:
d = a[..., None] + c[None, None, :]
Here, a[..., None] has shape (2, 2, 1) and c[None, None, :] has shape (1, 1, 3)*. When I compute the sum, the result gets ‘broadcast’ out along the dimensions of size 1, giving me a result of shape (2, 2, 3):
print(d.shape)
# (2, 2, 3)
print(d[..., 0]) # a + c[0]
# [[2 3]
# [2 3]]
print(d[..., 1]) # a + c[1]
# [[3 4]
# [3 4]]
print(d[..., 2]) # a + c[2]
# [[4 5]
# [4 5]]
Broadcasting is a very powerful technique because it avoids the additional overhead involved in creating repeated copies of your input arrays in memory.
* Although I included them for clarity, the None indices into c aren’t actually necessary – you could also do a[..., None] + c, i.e. broadcast a (2, 2, 1) array against a (3,) array. This is because if one of the arrays has fewer dimensions than the other then only the trailing dimensions of the two arrays need to be compatible. To give a more complicated example:
a = np.ones((6, 1, 4, 3, 1)) # 6 x 1 x 4 x 3 x 1
b = np.ones((5, 1, 3, 2)) # 5 x 1 x 3 x 2
result = a + b # 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2