How to determine if a process runs inside lxc/Docker?

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Docker creates a .dockerenv file at the root of the directory tree inside container. This can be seen by performing an ls -la /.dockerenv to show that it is created on container startup.

You can run this script to verify:

#!/bin/bash
if [ -f /.dockerenv ]; then
    echo "I'm inside matrix ;(";
else
    echo "I'm living in real world!";
fi

MORE:
Ubuntu actually has a bash script: /bin/running-in-container and it can return the type of container it has been invoked in. Might be helpful.
Don’t know about other major distros though.

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