How to extract value from monadic action

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A monad only supplies two functions:

return :: Monad m => a -> m a
(>>=) :: Monad m => m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b

Both of these return something of type m a, so there is no way to combine these in any way to get a function of type Monad m => m a -> a. To do that, you’ll need more than these two functions, so you need to know more about m than that it’s a monad.

For example, the Identity monad has runIdentity :: Identity a -> a, and several monads have similar functions, but there is no way to provide it generically. In fact, the inability to “escape” from the monad is essential for monads like IO.

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