How to launch JUnit 5 (Platform) from the command line (without Maven/Gradle)?

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Sure, use the ConsoleLauncher.

The ConsoleLauncher is a command-line Java application that lets you
launch the JUnit Platform from the console. For example, it can be
used to run JUnit Vintage and JUnit Jupiter tests and print test
execution results to the console.

An executable *junit-platform-console-standalone-<version>.jar* with all
dependencies included is published in the central Maven repository
under the junit-platform-console-standalone directory. You can run the
standalone ConsoleLauncher as shown below.

java -jar junit-platform-console-standalone-<version>.jar <Options>

For details about the options consult https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#running-tests-console-launcher please.

Tailored to your example and using JUnit Platform version 1.3.1, the commands could look like those:

$ mkdir out
$ javac -d out Student.java StudentSortSearch.java
$ javac -d out -cp out:junit-platform-console-standalone-1.3.1.jar TestClass.java
$ java -jar junit-platform-console-standalone-1.3.1.jar --class-path out --scan-class-path
╷
├─ JUnit Jupiter ✔
│  └─ TestClass ✔
│     └─ test() ✔
└─ JUnit Vintage ✔

Test run finished after 67 ms
...

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