Finally I am starting to be happy. When adjusting this question I had to try all the ways how to define LIBS. Listing them manually helped, at first I wrote them somehow wrong.
This is how it works finally:
LIBS += -LC:\\Programs\\opencv24\\opencv_bin2\\bin \
libopencv_core240d \
libopencv_highgui240d \
libopencv_imgproc240d \
libopencv_features2d240d \
libopencv_calib3d240d \