How to open/display documents(.pdf, .doc) without external app?

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I think you should use custom library for getting that done .See this and this

But there is a way for displaying PDF with out calling another application

This is a way for showing PDF in android app that is embedding the PDF document to android webview using support from http://docs.google.com/viewer

pseudo

String doc="<iframe src="http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=+location to your PDF File+" 
              width="100%" height="100%" 
              style="border: none;"></iframe>";

a sample is is shown below

 String doc="<iframe src="http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.iasted.org/conferences/formatting/presentations-tips.ppt&embedded=true" 
              width="100%" height="100%" 
              style="border: none;"></iframe>";

Code

    WebView  wv = (WebView)findViewById(R.id.webView); 
    wv.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
    wv.getSettings().setPluginsEnabled(true);
    wv.getSettings().setAllowFileAccess(true);
    wv.loadUrl(doc);
    //wv.loadData( doc, "text/html",  "UTF-8");

and in manifest provide

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

See this

Caution : I am not aware of compatibility issues with various android versions

In this approach the drawback is you need internet connectivity . But i think it satisfy your need

EDIT
Try this as src for iframe

src="http://docs.google.com/gview?embedded=true&url=http://www.pc-hardware.hu/PDF/konfig.pdf"

try wv.loadData( doc , "text/html", "UTF-8"); . Both works for me

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