How to plot multi-color line if x-axis is date time index of pandas

To produce a multi-colored line, you will need to convert the dates to numbers first, as matplotlib internally only works with numeric values.

For the conversion matplotlib provides matplotlib.dates.date2num. This understands datetime objects, so you would first need to convert your time series to datetime using series.index.to_pydatetime() and then apply date2num.

s = pd.Series(y, index=dates)
inxval = mdates.date2num(s.index.to_pydatetime())

You can then work with the numeric points as usual , e.g. plotting as Polygon or LineCollection[1,2].

The complete example:

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection

dates = pd.date_range("2017-01-01", "2017-06-20", freq="7D" )
y = np.cumsum(np.random.normal(size=len(dates)))

s = pd.Series(y, index=dates)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

#convert dates to numbers first
inxval = mdates.date2num(s.index.to_pydatetime())
points = np.array([inxval, s.values]).T.reshape(-1,1,2)
segments = np.concatenate([points[:-1],points[1:]], axis=1)

lc = LineCollection(segments, cmap="plasma", linewidth=3)
# set color to date values
lc.set_array(inxval)
# note that you could also set the colors according to y values
# lc.set_array(s.values)
# add collection to axes
ax.add_collection(lc)


ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mdates.MonthLocator())
ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(mdates.DayLocator())
monthFmt = mdates.DateFormatter("%b")
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(monthFmt)
ax.autoscale_view()
plt.show()

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Since people seem to have problems abstacting this concept, here is a the same piece of code as above without the use of pandas and with an independent color array:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
import numpy as np; np.random.seed(42)
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection

dates = np.arange("2017-01-01", "2017-06-20", dtype="datetime64[D]" )
y = np.cumsum(np.random.normal(size=len(dates)))
c = np.cumsum(np.random.normal(size=len(dates)))


fig, ax = plt.subplots()

#convert dates to numbers first
inxval = mdates.date2num(dates)
points = np.array([inxval, y]).T.reshape(-1,1,2)
segments = np.concatenate([points[:-1],points[1:]], axis=1)

lc = LineCollection(segments, cmap="plasma", linewidth=3)
# set color to date values
lc.set_array(c)
ax.add_collection(lc)

ax.xaxis_date()
ax.autoscale_view()
plt.show()