How to raise an error within a MySQL function

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MySQL 5.5 introduces signals, which are similar to exceptions in other languages:

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/signal.html

For example, in the mysql command line client:

mysql> SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Custom error';
ERROR 1644 (45000): Custom error

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