The current UWP API does not support silent printing, i.e. without explicit user interaction.
For POS scenarios UWP does offer the POSPrinter API – this may or may not apply to your scenario though:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/Windows.Devices.PointOfService.PosPrinter
https://github.com/Microsoft/Windows-universal-samples/tree/master/Samples/PosPrinter
For LOB applications running on desktop, you also have the option to continue using your Win32 printing APIs from a fulltrust process included in your UWP app package. I have put together a quick sample that demonstrates this technique in the example of printing image files silently from a UWP:
Store: https://www.microsoft.com/store/apps/9pd51nnkx3t2
Source: https://1drv.ms/u/s!AovTwKUMywTNnOsbzlRfghOikDy8Dw
It’s certainly a valid feature request and we should extend the API to enable this scenario with the right user model in place (API, capability, settings, etc.) to ensure a proper user experience.
Please vote here on UserVoice to help the team prioritize the feature:
https://wpdev.uservoice.com/forums/110705-universal-windows-platform/suggestions/6185763-allow-direct-printing-without-modern-ui-print-dial