Find your stopped container id
docker ps -a
Commit the stopped container:
This command saves modified container state into a new image user/test_image
docker commit $CONTAINER_ID user/test_image
Start/run with a different entry point:
docker run -ti --entrypoint=sh user/test_image
Entrypoint argument description: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#/entrypoint-default-command-to-execute-at-runtime
Note:
Steps above just start a stopped container with the same filesystem state. That is great for a quick investigation. But environment variables, network configuration, attached volumes and other staff is not inherited, you should specify all these arguments explicitly.
Steps to start a stopped container have been borrowed from here: (last comment) https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/18078