Yes, keys cleared after garbage is actually collected

Yes, WeakHashMap does clean out the detritus. The keys that have gone to garbage collection are no longer reported in the size. But you must wait for garbage-collection to actually take place.

Seems likely that you were incorrect about your objects going to garbage-collection. Perhaps your objects became candidates for garbage-collection, but have not yet been collected. Try invoking the garbage-collector and waiting a moment for it to complete. But remember, the call to System.gc() is only a suggestion to the JVM and may be ignored depending on your JVM implementation and current runtime scenario.

Here is a complete example app. Notice that the Set reports a decrease in size whether calling Set::remove or letting the object go out of scope.

package com.basilbourque.example;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;

public class WeakHashMapExercise {

    public static void main ( String[] args ) {
        WeakHashMapExercise app = new WeakHashMapExercise();
        app.doIt();
    }

    private void doIt ( ) {
        Set < UUID > set =
                Collections.synchronizedSet(
                        Collections.newSetFromMap(
                                new WeakHashMap <>()
                        )
                );

        UUID uuid1 = UUID.fromString( "a8ee1e34-cead-11e8-a8d5-f2801f1b9fd1" );
        UUID uuid2 = UUID.fromString( "39bda2b4-5885-4f56-a900-411a49beebac" );
        UUID uuid3 = UUID.fromString( "0b630385-0452-4b96-9238-20cdce37cf55" );
        UUID uuid4 = UUID.fromString( "98d2bacf-3f7f-4ea0-9c17-c91f6702322c" );

        System.out.println( "Size before adding: " + set.size() );

        set.add( uuid1 );
        set.add( uuid2 );
        set.add( uuid3 );
        set.add( uuid4 );

        System.out.println( "Size after adding 4 items: " + set.size() );  // Expect 4.

        set.remove( uuid3 );

        System.out.println( "Size after removing item # 3: " + set.size() );  // Expect 3.

        uuid2 = null;  // Release that UUID to garbage-collection.

        // That released object may still appear in our `Set` until garbage collection actually executes. 
        System.gc(); // Ask the JVM to run the garbage-collection. Only a suggestion, may be ignored.
        try {
            Thread.sleep( 1_000 );  // Wait a moment, just for the heck of it.
        } catch ( InterruptedException e ) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println( "Size after making garbage of item # 2: " + set.size() );  // Expect 2.

        for ( UUID uuid : set ) {
            System.out.println( uuid.toString() );
        }


    }
}

See this code run live at IdeOne.com.

Size before adding: 0

Size after adding 4 items: 4

Size after removing item # 3: 3

Size after making garbage of item # 2: 2

In my case, using Java 10.0.2 version of OpenJDK-based Zulu JVM from Azul Systems, the garbage collector does seem to be activating upon my request. If I comment out the delay for a second, or the System.gc call, then the last size reported remains 3 rather than the expected 2.

You can even see this behavior when running this code live at IdeOne.com. Notice how the last item below is 3 but above is 2.

Size before adding: 0

Size after adding 4 items: 4

Size after removing item # 3: 3

Size after making garbage of item # 2: 3