That’s a very difficult question to answer with Swing, as Swing is not a pure MVC implementation, the view and controller are mixed.

Technically, a model and controller should be able to interact and the controller and view should be able to interact, but the view and model should never interact, which clearly isn’t how Swing works, but that’s another debate…

Another issue is, you really don’t want to expose UI components to anybody, the controller shouldn’t care how certain actions occur, only that they can.

This would suggest that the ActionListeners attached to your UI controls should be maintained by the view. The view should then alert the controller that some kind of action has occurred. For this, you could use another ActionListener, managed by the view, to which the controller subscribes to.

Better yet, I would have a dedicated view listener, which described the actions that this view might produce, for example…

public interface MainViewListener {
    public void didPerformClose(MainView mainView);
}

The controller would then subscribe to the view via this listener and the view would call didPerformClose when (in this case) the close button is pressed.

Even in this example, I would be tempted to make a “main view” interface, which described the properties (setters and getters) and actions (listeners/callbacks) that any implementation is guaranteed to provide, then you don’t care how these actions occur, only that when they do, you are expected to do something…

At each level you want to ask yourself, how easy would it be to change any element (change the model or the controller or the view) for another instance? If you find yourself having to decouple the code, then you have a problem. Communicate via interfaces and try and reduce the amount of coupling between the layers and the amount that each layer knows about the others to the point where they are simply maintaining contracts

Updated…

Let’s take this for an example…

There are actually two views (discounting the actual dialog), there is the credentials view and the login view, yes they are different as you will see.

CredentialsView

The credentials view is responsible for collecting the details that are to be authenticated, the user name and password. It will provide information to the controller to let it know when those credentials have been changed, as the controller may want to take some action, like enabling the “login” button…

The view will also want to know when authentication is about to take place, as it will want to disable it’s fields, so the user can’t update the view while the authentication is taking place, equally, it will need to know when the authentication fails or succeeds, as it will need to take actions for those eventualities.

public interface CredentialsView {

    public String getUserName();
    public char[] getPassword();

    public void willAuthenticate();
    public void authenticationFailed();
    public void authenticationSucceeded();

    public void setCredentialsViewController(CredentialsViewController listener);

}

public interface CredentialsViewController {

    public void credientialsDidChange(CredentialsView view);

}

CredentialsPane

The CredentialsPane is the physical implementation of a CredentialsView, it implements the contract, but manages it’s own internal state. How the contract is managed is irrelevent to the controller, it only cares about the contract been upheld…

public class CredentialsPane extends JPanel implements CredentialsView {

    private CredentialsViewController controller;

    private JTextField userNameField;
    private JPasswordField passwordField;

    public CredentialsPane(CredentialsViewController controller) {
        setCredentialsViewController(controller);
        setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
        userNameField = new JTextField(20);
        passwordField = new JPasswordField(20);

        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        gbc.gridx = 0;
        gbc.gridy = 0;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(2, 2, 2, 2);
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.EAST;
        add(new JLabel("Username: "), gbc);

        gbc.gridy++;
        add(new JLabel("Password: "), gbc);

        gbc.gridx = 1;
        gbc.gridy = 0;
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        add(userNameField, gbc);
        gbc.gridy++;
        add(passwordField, gbc);

        DocumentListener listener = new DocumentListener() {
            @Override
            public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
            }

            @Override
            public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
            }

            @Override
            public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
            }
        };

        userNameField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener);
        passwordField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener);

    }

    @Override
    public CredentialsViewController getCredentialsViewController() {
        return controller;
    }

    @Override
    public String getUserName() {
        return userNameField.getText();
    }

    @Override
    public char[] getPassword() {
        return passwordField.getPassword();
    }

    @Override
    public void willAuthenticate() {
        userNameField.setEnabled(false);
        passwordField.setEnabled(false);
    }

    @Override
    public void authenticationFailed() {
        userNameField.setEnabled(true);
        passwordField.setEnabled(true);

        userNameField.requestFocusInWindow();
        userNameField.selectAll();

        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Authentication has failed", "Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
    }

    @Override
    public void authenticationSucceeded() {
        // Really don't care, but you might want to stop animation, for example...
    }

    public void setCredentialsViewController(CredentialsViewController controller){
        this.controller = controller;
    }

}

LoginView

The LoginView is responsible for managing a CredentialsView, but also for notifying the LoginViewController when authentication should take place or if the process was cancelled by the user, via some means…

Equally, the LoginViewController will tell the view when authentication is about to take place and if the authentication failed or was successful.

public interface LoginView {

    public CredentialsView getCredentialsView();

    public void willAuthenticate();
    public void authenticationFailed();
    public void authenticationSucceeded();

    public void dismissView();

    public LoginViewController getLoginViewController();

}

public interface LoginViewController {

    public void authenticationWasRequested(LoginView view);
    public void loginWasCancelled(LoginView view);

}

LoginPane

The LoginPane is kind of special, it is acting as the view for the LoginViewController, but it is also acting as the controller for the CredentialsView. This is important, as there is nothing saying that a view can’t be a controller, but I would be careful about how you implement such things, as it might not always make sense to do it this way, but because the two views are working together to gather information and manage events, it made sense in this case.

Because the LoginPane will need to change it’s own state based on the changes in the CredentialsView, it makes sense to allow the LoginPane to act as the controller in this case, otherwise, you’d need to supply more methods that controlled that state of the buttons, but this starts to bleed UI logic over to the controller…

public static class LoginPane extends JPanel implements LoginView, CredentialsViewController {

    private LoginViewController controller;
    private CredentialsPane credientialsView;

    private JButton btnAuthenticate;
    private JButton btnCancel;

    private boolean wasAuthenticated;

    public LoginPane(LoginViewController controller) {
        setLoginViewController(controller);
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        setBorder(new EmptyBorder(8, 8, 8, 8));

        btnAuthenticate = new JButton("Login");
        btnCancel = new JButton("Cancel");

        JPanel buttons = new JPanel();
        buttons.add(btnAuthenticate);
        buttons.add(btnCancel);

        add(buttons, BorderLayout.SOUTH);

        credientialsView = new CredentialsPane(this);
        add(credientialsView);

        btnAuthenticate.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
            @Override
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                getLoginViewController().authenticationWasRequested(LoginPane.this);
            }
        });
        btnCancel.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
            @Override
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                getLoginViewController().loginWasCancelled(LoginPane.this);
                // I did think about calling dispose here,
                // but's not really the the job of the cancel button to decide what should happen here...
            }
        });

        validateCreientials();

    }

    public static boolean showLoginDialog(LoginViewController controller) {

        final LoginPane pane = new LoginPane(controller);

        JDialog dialog = new JDialog();
        dialog.setTitle("Login");
        dialog.setModal(true);
        dialog.add(pane);
        dialog.pack();
        dialog.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        dialog.setDefaultCloseOperation(JDialog.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
        dialog.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                pane.getLoginViewController().loginWasCancelled(pane);
            }
        });
        dialog.setVisible(true);

        return pane.wasAuthenticated();

    }

    public boolean wasAuthenticated() {
        return wasAuthenticated;
    }

    public void validateCreientials() {

        CredentialsView view = getCredentialsView();
        String userName = view.getUserName();
        char[] password = view.getPassword();
        if ((userName != null && userName.trim().length() > 0) && (password != null && password.length > 0)) {

            btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(true);

        } else {

            btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(false);

        }

    }

    @Override
    public void dismissView() {
        SwingUtilities.windowForComponent(this).dispose();
    }

    @Override
    public CredentialsView getCredentialsView() {
        return credientialsView;
    }

    @Override
    public void willAuthenticate() {
        getCredentialsView().willAuthenticate();
        btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(false);
    }

    @Override
    public void authenticationFailed() {
        getCredentialsView().authenticationFailed();
        validateCreientials();
        wasAuthenticated = false;
    }

    @Override
    public void authenticationSucceeded() {
        getCredentialsView().authenticationSucceeded();
        validateCreientials();
        wasAuthenticated = true;
    }

    public LoginViewController getLoginViewController() {
        return controller;
    }

    public void setLoginViewController(LoginViewController controller) {
        this.controller = controller;
    }

    @Override
    public void credientialsDidChange(CredentialsView view) {
        validateCreientials();
    }

}

Working example

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.EventQueue;
import java.awt.GridBagConstraints;
import java.awt.GridBagLayout;
import java.awt.Insets;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;
import java.awt.event.WindowEvent;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JDialog;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JPasswordField;
import javax.swing.JTextField;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.UIManager;
import javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException;
import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentListener;
import sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection;

public class Test {

    protected static final Random AUTHENTICATION_ORACLE = new Random();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Test();
    }

    public interface CredentialsView {
        public String getUserName();
        public char[] getPassword();
        public void willAuthenticate();
        public void authenticationFailed();
        public void authenticationSucceeded();
        public CredentialsViewController getCredentialsViewController();
    }

    public interface CredentialsViewController {
        public void credientialsDidChange(CredentialsView view);
    }

    public interface LoginView {
        public CredentialsView getCredentialsView();
        public void willAuthenticate();
        public void authenticationFailed();
        public void authenticationSucceeded();
        public void dismissView();
        public LoginViewController getLoginViewController();
    }

    public interface LoginViewController {
        public void authenticationWasRequested(LoginView view);
        public void loginWasCancelled(LoginView view);
    }

    public Test() {
        EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {
                    ex.printStackTrace();
                }

                LoginViewController controller = new LoginViewController() {

                    @Override
                    public void authenticationWasRequested(LoginView view) {
                        view.willAuthenticate();
                        LoginAuthenticator authenticator = new LoginAuthenticator(view);
                        authenticator.authenticate();
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void loginWasCancelled(LoginView view) {

                        view.dismissView();

                    }
                };

                if (LoginPane.showLoginDialog(controller)) {

                    System.out.println("You shell pass");

                } else {

                    System.out.println("You shell not pass");

                }

                System.exit(0);

            }
        });
    }

    public class LoginAuthenticator {

        private LoginView view;

        public LoginAuthenticator(LoginView view) {
            this.view = view;
        }

        public void authenticate() {

            Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(2000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                        Logger.getLogger(Test.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
                    }
                    SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
                        @Override
                        public void run() {
                            if (AUTHENTICATION_ORACLE.nextBoolean()) {
                                view.authenticationSucceeded();
                                view.dismissView();
                            } else {
                                view.authenticationFailed();
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            t.start();

        }

    }

    public static class LoginPane extends JPanel implements LoginView, CredentialsViewController {

        private LoginViewController controller;
        private CredentialsPane credientialsView;

        private JButton btnAuthenticate;
        private JButton btnCancel;

        private boolean wasAuthenticated;

        public LoginPane(LoginViewController controller) {
            setLoginViewController(controller);
            setLayout(new BorderLayout());
            setBorder(new EmptyBorder(8, 8, 8, 8));

            btnAuthenticate = new JButton("Login");
            btnCancel = new JButton("Cancel");

            JPanel buttons = new JPanel();
            buttons.add(btnAuthenticate);
            buttons.add(btnCancel);

            add(buttons, BorderLayout.SOUTH);

            credientialsView = new CredentialsPane(this);
            add(credientialsView);

            btnAuthenticate.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
                @Override
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                    getLoginViewController().authenticationWasRequested(LoginPane.this);
                }
            });
            btnCancel.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
                @Override
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                    getLoginViewController().loginWasCancelled(LoginPane.this);
                    // I did think about calling dispose here,
                    // but's not really the the job of the cancel button to decide what should happen here...
                }
            });

            validateCreientials();

        }

        public static boolean showLoginDialog(LoginViewController controller) {

            final LoginPane pane = new LoginPane(controller);

            JDialog dialog = new JDialog();
            dialog.setTitle("Login");
            dialog.setModal(true);
            dialog.add(pane);
            dialog.pack();
            dialog.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
            dialog.setDefaultCloseOperation(JDialog.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
            dialog.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                    pane.getLoginViewController().loginWasCancelled(pane);
                }
            });
            dialog.setVisible(true);

            return pane.wasAuthenticated();

        }

        public boolean wasAuthenticated() {
            return wasAuthenticated;
        }

        public void validateCreientials() {

            CredentialsView view = getCredentialsView();
            String userName = view.getUserName();
            char[] password = view.getPassword();
            if ((userName != null && userName.trim().length() > 0) && (password != null && password.length > 0)) {

                btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(true);

            } else {

                btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(false);

            }

        }

        @Override
        public void dismissView() {
            SwingUtilities.windowForComponent(this).dispose();
        }

        @Override
        public CredentialsView getCredentialsView() {
            return credientialsView;
        }

        @Override
        public void willAuthenticate() {
            getCredentialsView().willAuthenticate();
            btnAuthenticate.setEnabled(false);
        }

        @Override
        public void authenticationFailed() {
            getCredentialsView().authenticationFailed();
            validateCreientials();
            wasAuthenticated = false;
        }

        @Override
        public void authenticationSucceeded() {
            getCredentialsView().authenticationSucceeded();
            validateCreientials();
            wasAuthenticated = true;
        }

        public LoginViewController getLoginViewController() {
            return controller;
        }

        public void setLoginViewController(LoginViewController controller) {
            this.controller = controller;
        }

        @Override
        public void credientialsDidChange(CredentialsView view) {
            validateCreientials();
        }

    }

    public static class CredentialsPane extends JPanel implements CredentialsView {

        private CredentialsViewController controller;

        private JTextField userNameField;
        private JPasswordField passwordField;

        public CredentialsPane(CredentialsViewController controller) {
            setCredentialsViewController(controller);
            setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
            userNameField = new JTextField(20);
            passwordField = new JPasswordField(20);

            GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
            gbc.gridx = 0;
            gbc.gridy = 0;
            gbc.insets = new Insets(2, 2, 2, 2);
            gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.EAST;
            add(new JLabel("Username: "), gbc);

            gbc.gridy++;
            add(new JLabel("Password: "), gbc);

            gbc.gridx = 1;
            gbc.gridy = 0;
            gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
            gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
            add(userNameField, gbc);
            gbc.gridy++;
            add(passwordField, gbc);

            DocumentListener listener = new DocumentListener() {
                @Override
                public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                    getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
                }

                @Override
                public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                    getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
                }

                @Override
                public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) {
                    getCredentialsViewController().credientialsDidChange(CredentialsPane.this);
                }
            };

            userNameField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener);
            passwordField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener);

        }

        @Override
        public CredentialsViewController getCredentialsViewController() {
            return controller;
        }

        @Override
        public String getUserName() {
            return userNameField.getText();
        }

        @Override
        public char[] getPassword() {
            return passwordField.getPassword();
        }

        @Override
        public void willAuthenticate() {
            userNameField.setEnabled(false);
            passwordField.setEnabled(false);
        }

        @Override
        public void authenticationFailed() {
            userNameField.setEnabled(true);
            passwordField.setEnabled(true);

            userNameField.requestFocusInWindow();
            userNameField.selectAll();

            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Authentication has failed", "Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
        }

        @Override
        public void authenticationSucceeded() {
            // Really don't care, but you might want to stop animation, for example...
        }

        public void setCredentialsViewController(CredentialsViewController controller) {
            this.controller = controller;
        }

    }

}