MongoDB $lookup vs Mongoose populate

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Thanks to a github thread shared by Grégory NEUT in the question’s comments I have been able to establish certain facts:

  1. Mongoose’s populate() method does not use MongoDB’s $lookup behind the scenes. It simply makes another query to the database.
  2. Mongoose does not have functionalities that MongoDB does not have. populate() just makes two or more queries.

How does populate() in mongoose work that makes it more powerful than
MongoDB’s $lookup?

In my opinion, there are places to use populate() and others to use $lookup. For more complex queries $lookup in an aggregation pipeline would work best.

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