Multi otsu(multi-thresholding) with openCV

To extend Otsu’s thresholding method to multi-level thresholding the between class variance equation becomes:

Please check out Deng-Yuan Huang, Ta-Wei Lin, Wu-Chih Hu, Automatic
Multilevel Thresholding Based on Two-Stage Otsu’s Method with Cluster
Determination by Valley Estimation, Int. Journal of Innovative
Computing, 2011, 7:5631-5644 for more information.

http://www.ijicic.org/ijicic-10-05033.pdf

Here is my C# implementation of Otsu Multi for 2 thresholds:

/* Otsu (1979) - multi */

Tuple < int, int > otsuMulti(object sender, EventArgs e) {
    //image histogram
    int[] histogram = new int[256];

    //total number of pixels
    int N = 0;

    //accumulate image histogram and total number of pixels
    foreach(int intensity in image.Data) {
        if (intensity != 0) {
            histogram[intensity] += 1;
            N++;
        }
    }

    double W0K, W1K, W2K, M0, M1, M2, currVarB, optimalThresh1, optimalThresh2, maxBetweenVar, M0K, M1K, M2K, MT;

    optimalThresh1 = 0;
    optimalThresh2 = 0;

    W0K = 0;
    W1K = 0;

    M0K = 0;
    M1K = 0;

    MT = 0;
    maxBetweenVar = 0;
    for (int k = 0; k <= 255; k++) {
        MT += k * (histogram[k] / (double) N);
    }


    for (int t1 = 0; t1 <= 255; t1++) {
        W0K += histogram[t1] / (double) N; //Pi
        M0K += t1 * (histogram[t1] / (double) N); //i * Pi
        M0 = M0K / W0K; //(i * Pi)/Pi

        W1K = 0;
        M1K = 0;

        for (int t2 = t1 + 1; t2 <= 255; t2++) {
            W1K += histogram[t2] / (double) N; //Pi
            M1K += t2 * (histogram[t2] / (double) N); //i * Pi
            M1 = M1K / W1K; //(i * Pi)/Pi

            W2K = 1 - (W0K + W1K);
            M2K = MT - (M0K + M1K);

            if (W2K <= 0) break;

            M2 = M2K / W2K;

            currVarB = W0K * (M0 - MT) * (M0 - MT) + W1K * (M1 - MT) * (M1 - MT) + W2K * (M2 - MT) * (M2 - MT);

            if (maxBetweenVar < currVarB) {
                maxBetweenVar = currVarB;
                optimalThresh1 = t1;
                optimalThresh2 = t2;
            }
        }
    }

    return new Tuple(optimalThresh1, optimalThresh2);
}

And this is the result I got by thresholding an image scan of soil with the above code:

(T1 = 110, T2 = 147).

Otsu’s original paper: “Nobuyuki Otsu, A Threshold Selection Method
from Gray-Level Histogram, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, 1979, 9:62-66” also briefly mentions the extension to
Multithresholding.

https://engineering.purdue.edu/kak/computervision/ECE661.08/OTSU_paper.pdf

Hope this helps.