The answer revolves around the purpose of threads, which is parallelism: to run several separate lines of execution at once. In an ‘ideal’ system, you would have one thread executing per core: no interruption. In reality this isn’t the case. Even if you have four cores and four working threads, your process and it threads will constantly be being switched out for other processes and threads. If you are running any modern OS, every process has at least one thread, and many have more. All these processes are running at once. You probably have several hundred threads all running on your machine right now. You won’t ever get a situation where a thread runs without having time ‘stolen’ from it. (Well, you might if it’s running real-time, if you’re using a realtime OS or, even on Windows, use a real-time thread priority. But it’s rare.)
With that as background, the answer: Yes, more than four threads on a true four-core machine may give you a situation where they ‘steal time from each other’, but only if each individual thread needs 100% CPU. If a thread is not working 100% (as a UI thread might not be, or a thread doing a small amount of work or waiting on something else) then another thread being scheduled is actually a good situation.
It’s actually more complicated than that:
-
What if you have five bits of work that all need to be done at once? It makes more sense to run them all at once, than to run four of them and then run the fifth later.
-
It’s rare for a thread to genuinely need 100% CPU. The moment it uses disk or network I/O, for example, it may be potentially spend time waiting doing nothing useful. This is a very common situation.
-
If you have work that needs to be run, one common mechanism is to use a threadpool. It might seem to make sense to have the same number of threads as cores, yet the .Net threadpool has up to 250 threads available per processor. I’m not certain why they do this, but my guess is to do with the size of the tasks that are given to run on the threads.
So: stealing time isn’t a bad thing (and isn’t really theft, either: it’s how the system is supposed to work.) Write your multithreaded programs based on the kind of work the threads will do, which may not be CPU-bound. Figure out the number of threads you need based on profiling and measurement. You may find it more useful to think in terms of tasks or jobs, rather than threads: write objects of work and give them to a pool to be run. Finally, unless your program is truly performance-critical, don’t worry too much 🙂