popup window in Chrome extension

Pick and choose:

All of these methods allows you (your extension) to open a new window/dialog, and handle the logic from that page. This page should be packaged with your extension.
See Message passing to pass the entered data to your extension.

Demo

Tabs within your extension have direct access to the background page using chrome.runtime.getBackgroundPage. I’ll demonstrate this feature in this demo, as well as a conventional way of message passing:

manifest.json

{
  "name": "Dialog tester",
  "version": "1.0",
  "manifest_version": 2,
  "background": {
      "scripts": ["background.js"],
      "persistent": false
  },
  "content_scripts": [{
      "matches": ["<all_urls>"],
      "js": ["open-dialog.js"]
  }]
}

background.js

// Handle requests for passwords
chrome.runtime.onMessage.addListener(function(request) {
    if (request.type === 'request_password') {
        chrome.tabs.create({
            url: chrome.extension.getURL('dialog.html'),
            active: false
        }, function(tab) {
            // After the tab has been created, open a window to inject the tab
            chrome.windows.create({
                tabId: tab.id,
                type: 'popup',
                focused: true
                // incognito, top, left, ...
            });
        });
    }
});
function setPassword(password) {
    // Do something, eg..:
    console.log(password);
};

open-dialog.js

if (confirm('Open dialog for testing?'))
    chrome.runtime.sendMessage({type:'request_password'});

dialog.html

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Dialog test</title></head><body>
<form>
    <input id="pass" type="password">
    <input type="submit" value="OK">
</form>
<script src="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10340481/dialog.js"></script>
</body></html>

dialog.js

document.forms[0].onsubmit = function(e) {
    e.preventDefault(); // Prevent submission
    var password = document.getElementById('pass').value;
    chrome.runtime.getBackgroundPage(function(bgWindow) {
        bgWindow.setPassword(password);
        window.close();     // Close dialog
    });
};

Documentation for used methods

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