Widgets when they are visible for the first time call to be visible to their children, but since you are creating it afterwards they probably are not calling that method, a possible solution is to call the show method.
void ChatWidget::displayChatAfterButtonPressed()
{
QLabel *lbl;
lbl=new QLabel(this);
lbl->setText("Hello World 2");
lbl->show();
}
comment: it seems strange to me that the QMainWindow you set a central widget and then create the chatWidget as a parent to the QMainWindow, it is generally not recommended to add children to the QMainWindow because it has a given structure, what should be done is to place it inside the centralwidget.