Continue calling re.exec(s)
in a loop to obtain all the matches:
var re = /\s*([^[:]+):\"([^"]+)"/g;
var s="[description:"aoeu" uuid:"123sth"]";
var m;
do {
m = re.exec(s);
if (m) {
console.log(m[1], m[2]);
}
} while (m);
Try it with this JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/7yS2V/