The accepted answer can’t handle a lot of basic cases.
This should do the job:
^([-+]? ?(\d+|\(\g<1>\))( ?[-+*\/] ?\g<1>)?)$
Explaination:
We want to match the entire string:
^...$
Expressions can have a sign:
[-+]? ?
An expression consists of multiple digits or another valid expression, surrounded by brackets:
(\d+|\(\g<1>\))
A valid expression can be followed by an operation and another valid expression and is still a valid expression:
( ?[-+*\/] ?\g<1>)?