Make sure that there are more ?
than there are characters in the longest name:
ren *.txt "???????????????????????????? 1.1.txt"
See How does the Windows RENAME command interpret wildcards? for more info.
New Solution – 2014/12/01
For those who like regular expressions, there is JREN.BAT – a hybrid JScript/batch command line utility that will run on any version of Windows from XP forward.
jren "^.*(?=\.)" "$& 1.1" /fm "*.txt"
or
jren "^(.*)(\.txt)$" "$1 1.1$2" /i