Renaming columns in a Pandas dataframe with duplicate column names?

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Here is a dynamic solution:

In [59]: df
Out[59]:
   a  x  x  x  z
0  6  2  7  7  8
1  6  6  3  1  1
2  6  6  7  5  6
3  8  3  6  1  8
4  5  7  5  3  0

In [60]: d
Out[60]: {'x': ['x1', 'x2', 'x3']}

In [61]: df.rename(columns=lambda c: d[c].pop(0) if c in d.keys() else c)
Out[61]:
   a  x1  x2  x3  z
0  6   2   7   7  8
1  6   6   3   1  1
2  6   6   7   5  6
3  8   3   6   1  8
4  5   7   5   3  0

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