Returning Large Objects in Functions

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The second approach is more idiomatic, and expressive. It is clear when reading the code that the function has no preconditions on the argument (it does not have an argument) and that it will actually create an object inside. The first approach is not so clear for the casual reader. The call implies that the object will be changed (pass by reference) but it is not so clear if there are any preconditions on the passed object.

About the copies. The code you posted is not using the assignment operator, but rather copy construction. The C++ defines the return value optimization that is implemented in all major compilers. If you are not sure you can run the following snippet in your compiler:

#include <iostream>
class X
{
public:
    X() { std::cout << "X::X()" << std::endl; }
    X( X const & ) { std::cout << "X::X( X const & )" << std::endl; }
    X& operator=( X const & ) { std::cout << "X::operator=(X const &)" << std::endl; }
};
X f() {
    X tmp;
    return tmp;
}
int main() {
    X x = f();
}

With g++ you will get a single line X::X(). The compiler reserves the space in the stack for the x object, then calls the function that constructs the tmp over x (in fact tmp is x. The operations inside f() are applied directly on x, being equivalent to your first code snippet (pass by reference).

If you were not using the copy constructor (had you written: X x; x = f();) then it would create both x and tmp and apply the assignment operator, yielding a three line output: X::X() / X::X() / X::operator=. So it could be a little less efficient in cases.

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