Why am I getting X. in my column names when reading a data frame?

read.csv() is a wrapper around the more general read.table() function. That latter function has argument check.names which is documented as: check.names: logical. If ‘TRUE’ then the names of the variables in the data frame are checked to ensure that they are syntactically valid variable names. If necessary they are adjusted (by ‘make.names’) so that they … Read more

In PHP when submitting strings to the database should I take care of illegal characters using htmlspecialchars() or use a regular expression?

There are no “illegal” characters for the database. Database that cannot store some characters is a nonsense. There are some service characters, like quotes, used to delimit strings. These characters should be just escaped, not eliminated. To send a query to the database, you have 2 options: Build a query usual way, to make it … Read more