Using a global dictionary with threads in Python

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Assuming CPython: Yes and no. It is actually safe to fetch/store values from a shared dictionary in the sense that multiple concurrent read/write requests won’t corrupt the dictionary. This is due to the global interpreter lock (“GIL”) maintained by the implementation. That is:

Thread A running:

a = global_dict["foo"]

Thread B running:

global_dict["bar"] = "hello"

Thread C running:

global_dict["baz"] = "world"

won’t corrupt the dictionary, even if all three access attempts happen at the “same” time. The interpreter will serialize them in some undefined way.

However, the results of the following sequence is undefined:

Thread A:

if "foo" not in global_dict:
   global_dict["foo"] = 1

Thread B: 

global_dict["foo"] = 2

as the test/set in thread A is not atomic (“time-of-check/time-of-use” race condition). So, it is generally best, if you lock things:

from threading import RLock

lock = RLock()

def thread_A():
    with lock:
        if "foo" not in global_dict:
            global_dict["foo"] = 1

def thread_B():
    with lock:
        global_dict["foo"] = 2

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