Using Alias In When Portion of a Case Statement in Oracle SQL

No, you can’t refer to the alias elsewhere in the same level of select, other than in the order by clause, because of when Oracle assigns it internally.

From the documentation (emphasis added):

You can use a column alias, c_alias, to label the immediately
preceding expression in the select list so that the column is
displayed with a new heading. The alias effectively renames the select
list item for the duration of the query. The alias can be used in the
ORDER BY clause, but not other clauses in the query
.

You would need to use an inner query, something like:

select "Id",
    case "Id"
        when 3
        then 'foo'
        else 'bar'
    end AS "Results"
from (
    select TABLEA.SomeIDNumber AS "Id",
    from TABLEA
);

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