Using Python class as a data container [closed]

Background

A summary of alternative attribute-based, data containers was presented by R. Hettinger at the SF Python’s 2017 Holiday meetup. See his tweet and his slide deck. He also gave a talk at PyCon 2018 on dataclasses.

Other data container types are mentioned in this article and predominantly in Python 3 documentation (see links below).

Here is a discussion on the python-ideas mailing list on adding recordclass to the standard library.

Options

Alternatives in the Standard Library

• collections.namedtuple: tuple with attributes (see seminal recipe)
• typing.NamedTuple: sub-classable tuple (see this post comparing it with namedtuple)
• types.SimpleNamespace: simple class w/optional class declaration
• types.MappingProxy: read-only dict
• enum.Enum: constrained collection of related constants (does behave like a class)
• dataclasses.dataclass: mutable namedtuple with default/boilerplate-less classes

External options

• records: mutable namedtuple (see also recordclass)
• bunch: add attribute access to dicts (inspiration for SimpleNamedspace; see also munch (py3))
• box: wrap dicts with dot-style lookup functionality
• attrdict: access elements from a mapping as keys or attributes
• fields: remove boilerplate from container classes.
• namedlist: mutable, tuple-like containers with defaults by E. Smith
• attrs: similar to dataclasses, packed with features (validation, converters, __slots__, etc.). See also docs on cattrs.
• misc.: posts on making your own custom struct, object, bunch, dict proxy, etc.

Which one?

Deciding which option to use depends on the situation (see Examples below). Usually an old fashioned mutable dictionary or immutable namedtuple is good enough. Dataclasses are the newest addition (Python 3.7a) offering both mutability and optional immutability, with promise of reduced boilerplate as inspired by the attrs project.

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Examples

import typing as typ
import collections as ct
import dataclasses as dc


# Problem: You want a simple container to hold personal data.
# Solution: Try a NamedTuple.
>>> class Person(typ.NamedTuple):
...     name: str
...     age: int
>>> a = Person("bob", 30)
>>> a
Person(name="bob", age=30)

# Problem: You need to change age each year, but namedtuples are immutable. 
# Solution: Use assignable attributes of a traditional class.
>>> class Person:
...     def __init__(self, name, age):
...         self.name = name
...         self.age = age
>>> b = Person("bob", 30)
>>> b.age = 31
>>> b
<__main__.Person at 0x4e27128>

# Problem: You lost the pretty repr and want to add comparison features.
# Solution: Use included repr and eq features from the new dataclasses.
>>> @dc.dataclass(eq=True)
... class Person:
...     name: str
...     age: int
>>> c = Person("bob", 30)
>>> c.age = 31
>>> c
Person(name="bob", age=31)
>>> d = Person("dan", 31)
>>> c != d
True