What client-side web scripting languages are there other than JavaScript and VBScript?

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The only languages I have ever seen supported by web browsers in <script> elements are:

  • JavaScript / JScript (which is ubiquitous)
  • Webassembly (which is less of a language than a different target other languages can be compiled to) is well supported today)
  • VBScript (IE 10 and lower only)
  • PerlScript (IE with a plugin from ActiveState only)
  • Dart (in a nonstandard build of Chromium) which is not intended for production use.

The HTML 4 specification gives examples of Tcl, but I’ve never heard of a browser that implemented this.

In any practical sense (for WWW development), JavaScript and Webassembly is the only (not really a) choice.

There are also various languages (e.g. Dart, TypeScript, ES6/7) which have translators to convert programs to (ES5 flavoured) JavaScript which can then run in browsers.

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