What is the format for the PostgreSQL connection string / URL?

If you use Libpq binding for respective language, according to its documentation URI is formed as follows:

postgresql://[user[:password]@][netloc][:port][/dbname][?param1=value1&...]

Here are examples from same document

postgresql://
postgresql://localhost
postgresql://localhost:5432
postgresql://localhost/mydb
postgresql://user@localhost
postgresql://user:secret@localhost
postgresql://other@localhost/otherdb?connect_timeout=10&application_name=myapp
postgresql://localhost/mydb?user=other&password=secret

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