You can certainly copy data directly into /var/lib/docker/volumes/my-jenkins-volume/_data
, but by doing this you are:
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Relying on physical access to the docker host. This technique won’t work if you’re interacting with a remote docker api.
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Relying on a particular aspect of the volume implementation would could change in the future, breaking any processes you have that rely on it.
I think you are better off relying on things you can accomplish using the docker api, via the command line client. The easiest solution is probably just to use a helper container, something like:
docker run -v my-jenkins-volume:/data --name helper busybox true
docker cp . helper:/data
docker rm helper