What’s the difference between “here string” and echo + pipe

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In the pipeline, two new processes are created: one for a shell to execute the echo command, and one for a shell to execute the read command. Since both subshells exit after they complete, the x variable is not available after the pipeline completes. (In bash 4, the lastpipe option was introduced to allow the last command in a pipeline to execute in the current shell, not a subshell, alleviating the problem with such pipelines).

In the second example, no extra process is need for the here string (a special type of here document that consists of a single line), so the value of x is in fact set in the current shell, making it available for use later in the script/session.

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