Where does Git store the SHA1 of the commit for a submodule?

It is stored in Git’s object database directly. The tree object for the directory where the submodule lives will have an entry for the submodule’s commit (this is the so-called “gitlink”).

Try doing git ls-tree master <path-to-directory-containing-submodule> (or just git ls-tree master if the submodule lives in the top-level directory).

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